Five ways to visualize your pairwise comparisons

UPDATE: At the bottom are two additional methods, and some additions (underlined) are added to the original 5 methods. Thanks for all the feedback…

-Also, another post here about ordered-categorical data-Also #2, a method combining splom and hexbin packages here, for larger datasets

In data analysis it is often nice to look at all pairwise combinations of continuous variables in scatterplots. Up until recently, I have used the function splom in the package lattice, but ggplot2 has superior aesthetics, I think anyway.

Here a few ways to accomplish the task:

require(lattice)
require(ggplot2) 

require(car)

1. Using base graphics, function “pairs”

pairs(iris[1:4], pch = 21)

2. Using lattice package, function “splom”

splom(~iris[1:4])

3. Using package ggplot2, function “plotmatrix”

plotmatrix(iris[1:4])

4. a function called ggcorplot by Mike Lawrence at Dalhousie University

ggcorplot(
  data = iris[1:4],
  var_text_size = 5,
  cor_text_limits = c(5,10))

5. panel.cor function using pairs, similar to ggcorplot, but using base graphics. Not sure who wrote this function, but here is where I found it.

panel.cor <- function(x, y, digits=2, prefix="", cex.cor) 
{
    usr <- par("usr"); on.exit(par(usr)) 
    par(usr = c(0, 1, 0, 1)) 
    r <- abs(cor(x, y)) 
    txt <- format(c(r, 0.123456789), digits=digits)[1] 
    txt <- paste(prefix, txt, sep="") 
    if(missing(cex.cor)) cex <- 0.8/strwidth(txt) 
 
    test <- cor.test(x,y) 
    # borrowed from printCoefmat
    Signif <- symnum(test$p.value, corr = FALSE, na = FALSE, 
                  cutpoints = c(0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 1),
                  symbols = c("***", "**", "*", ".", " ")) 
 
    text(0.5, 0.5, txt, cex = cex * r) 
    text(.8, .8, Signif, cex=cex, col=2) 
}
 

pairs(iris[1:4], lower.panel=panel.smooth, upper.panel=panel.cor)

> system.time(pairs(iris[1:4]))
   user  system elapsed 
  0.138   0.008   0.156 
> system.time(splom(~iris[1:4]))
   user  system elapsed 
  0.003   0.000   0.003 
> system.time(plotmatrix(iris[1:4]))
   user  system elapsed 
  0.052   0.000   0.052 
> system.time(ggcorplot(
+ data = iris[1:4],
  var_text_size = 5,
  cor_text_limits = c(5,10)))
 
   user  system elapsed 
  0.130   0.001   0.131 
> system.time(pairs(iris[1:4], lower.panel=panel.smooth, upper.panel=panel.cor))
   user  system elapsed 
  0.170   0.011   0.200

…shows that splom is the fastest method, with the method using the panel.cor function pulling up the rear.

6. given by a reader in the comments (get her/his code here). This one is nice as it gives 95% CI’s for the correlation coefficients, AND histograms of each variable.

7) a reader in the comments suggested the scatterplotMatrix (spm can be used) function in the car package. This one has the advantage of plotting distributions of each variable, and providing fits to each data with confidence intervals.

spm(iris[1:4])